For those that understand Cantonese or Mandarin, I’ve found a few more interesting and insightful videos of the insightful Chinese economist Steven Cheung. (see my extensive blog entries tagged with Steven Cheung)
On the occasion of Steven Cheung’s 70th birthday (in 2005), he talks about his academic thinking process and how he learns economics Part 1, Part 2, Part 3
P.S. Here is an interesting Chinese interview posted on 2007, Apr 24 “张五常：我是天才因为我简单“
P.P.S. I am eagerly waiting for Steven Cheung’s upcoming English paper “The Economic System of China” which should be a great read to understand China.
For longer than I can remember, I have been reading and trying to learn from Warren’s shareholder letters, and this year will be not exception. Happy reading and learning.
It is wonderful to know the insightful Bill Buxton will be delivering the opening keynote at nextMEDIA (June 6 - 8th, 2008 at Banff),
Bill Buxton, Principal Scientist at Microsoft Research will deliver the opening keynote address at nextMEDIA - The Future of Digital Content. In his keynote address Bill will speak to emerging trends around physical computing and a human-centered approach to technological design and innovation.
When describing a ground breaking discussion where his idea in the FCC paper fundamentally shifted the thinking of University of Chicago, he said, “I could not understand why a statement, the equivalent of 2+2=4, should be treated on the par with e = m c square.“
His 1974 “The Lighthouse in Economics” not only shed light in economics but also taught us an important lesson in not to take things for granted and the fruits in doing research from the ground up with real data.
Have I already said that he is a funny (and humble) man? (smile)
And he was 93 years young when he gave the speech in 2003!
I want to thank Prof. Steven Cheung again for introducing ideas from great economists like Professors Coase and Friedman to millions of Chinese over the years.
Ronald, age 93 then, said this at the 2003 Coase Centennial Speech, “New ideas are most likely to come from the young. Who are also the group most likely to recognize the significance of those ideas.“
I want to wish everyone a happy and prosperous Year of the Rat.
Please consider the following videos of professors Steven N.S. Cheung, Milton Friedman, and Ronald Coase my Chinese New Year gifts to you. May you be prosperous in the Year of the rat.
In my humble opinion, professors Friedman, Coase and Cheung are great minds to learn from. And if we are to advance, improve, revise or refute the ideas they originated, it makes sense for us to learn and understand what they are trying to say. And to me, it is fun and more engaging to see them explaining their ideas in their own voices and style. Quoting prof. Coase in the above wonderful video, “It is strange for me to give a Coase Lecture. After all, every lecture I give is a “Coase Lecture”. (big laughs)” The 97 years old (93 when the video was shot) is a humorous man. (smile)
Wishing you a happy and prosperous Year of the Rat.
It is my great pleasure to add professors Ronald H. Coase and Steven N. S. Cheung to my Great Minds of Our Time series. And I am excited to add them both in the same blog entry (a first for me to add two people in one entry). note: This is my subjective list and, in case you disagree, feel free to create your own list and write about them.
Prof. Coase was the Nobel Prize winner in Economics in 1991 and is a well respected and insightful economist. He clearly belongs to the group of “Great Minds”. And I will try to write more about Prof. Coase later as he is one Nobel Prize winner that I started reading his ideas few years before he won his prize. [K: Excuse me for a bit of pride and vanity.]
Now, to introduce you to Professor Steven Cheung, let me say he is one of the most influential economists in the world who knows, probably, the most about the Chinese economy. To me, the “China experts” who have not yet read Prof. Cheung’s English and Chinese articles are missing a lot of insight (and fun).
I am going to do the “lazy thing” (smile) by quoting Prof. Coase’s foreword in Prof. Cheung’s 800+ pages selected papers “ECONOMIC EXPLANATION–SELECTED PAPERS OF STEVEN N.S CHEUNG” [K: emphasis, links, and comments added by me].
Foreword by Ronale Ronald H. Coase
The purpose of a Foreword to a book is to tell the prospective reader what he (or she) will gain by reading it. In the case of this collection of Steven Cheung’s articles, it is both an easy and an enjoyable task. Steven Cheung’s articles make clear what is wrong with so much of current writing on economics and what should be done to put it right. He does this by example, showing through his own work how economics should be done.
“Craig [Chairman of Intel] and I sometimes argue, and he called our thing a ‘gadget,’ ” Mr. Negroponte said, referring to the XO. “I’m glad to see he’s got his own gadget now. Craig has to look at this as a market, and I look at this as a mission.” - Nicholas P. Negroponte - “Laptop Project Provoke Conflict” - The Tech
Nicholas Negroponte is a dreamer. For what he dreams of, and the effects he bring to our society, I am putting him put in the Great Minds of Our Time series. Again, “Great Minds” is a very subjective thing and I encourage you to create your own list if you like to.
I have admired Nicolas since I read his book Being Digital in 1995. He was and still is very optimistic (some say “too optimistic”) about technologies. I wrote in 1995, Being Digital is the “opposite of Clifford Stoll’s Silicon Snake Oil“. [K: By the way, Cliff's The Cuckoo's Egg is a must read for geeks (I love Cliff's writing style).] And with his One Laptop Per Child project, his goal is to “eliminate proverty“.
After two years of work by the team, the first generation of OLPC laptops are off the drawing board and have been realized. See this great CBS 60 Minutes story on OLPC.
Ultimately, Nicholas’ goal to “eliminate proverty” is not impossible because we should never under-estimate the power of little kids to imagine and to create. Muhammad Yunus, with his innovative idea of Grameen Bank, has been responsible to bring many people out of poverty. And the idea of Grameen Phone has also started to bring people out of proverty in a capitalist and powerful way. So who is to say Nicholas can’t do the same with OLPC?
I would like to end this post with a link to more videos of the OLPC, and this video.
Finally, let me end with this quote which fits Nicholas well. (note: I first used this quote in an earlier post.)
All men dream, but not equally. Those who dream by night in the dusty recesses of their minds, wake in the day to find that it was vanity: but the dreamers of the day are dangerous men, for they may act on their dreams with open eyes, to make them possible. - Thomas E. Lawrence
Warren Buffett confirmed on Charlie Rose that he is thinking of buying a really big business (worthing at least US$10 billion). But as Warren said, the difficult part is to find a business to buy with the right price. The always humours Warren Buffett said, “If you keep trying to kiss enough girls, eventually one will say yes.” (big smile) This is an insightful chat, not to be missed. Mind you, I have yet to see a Warren Buffett interview that I didn’t learn a lot. (smile)
And any time someone has to pay US$610,000 (the money goes to charities) to have lunch and learn from Warren when I can sit at home and learn from him for free, I am in! (smile)
Well, the stock prices are still sky high, May 3rd 2007 stocks closed at $108,600 per “A share“, and $3,618 per “baby share“. But this year, I have finally put my money where my mouth is. I am sure the stock price will go up and down by the wimp of the stock market (ah, such is life (big smile)). But like Buffett buying 100 shares of Microsoft just to keep track of his friend’s company and read its filings and annual reports, I am doing the same with Berkshire.
Honestly, I got sick of hearing myself talking and writing about how great Warren’s insights are but simply sitting on the sideline watching the stock goes up. Reader beware, this is not an investment advice as the stock can go down. (Remember Warren’s bad investment in US Air?) For me, I am prepared to see the stock price goes down as I learn the same (with each press release and annual report) as the stock goes up.
Now, Clark Johannson is a new friend that I met through Demo Camp Calgary. To my pleasant surprise, he told me he was flying out yesterday to attend the rock-concert-like Warren’s Annual Meeting tomorrow (May 5th, 2007). I will have to get his report of the meeting and see if he got a chance to meet Warren or ask a question. Clark already ate at Gorat’s, Warren’s favourite steak house. Will have to ask him how the steak taste like except it is biggggg. (smile)
As a surprise bonus for you and me (I found and watched this one just now) is this video of Roger Lowenstein talking about his book “Buffett: The Making of an American Capitalist” on Charlie Rose(open in new window and start at 32:27). Enjoy. (Note: Now Roger got me interested to know which three things Warren asked to have changed and Roger refused.)
I looked for it this morning and I found this wonderful 10-part series called Free to Choose by Milton Friedman. Each episode is one hour long, half an hour is in documentary format and then half an hour is an insightful and world class Q&A session with Milton debating invited guests in a forum.
Milton is such an article and insightful man that it is wonderful to watch him, at his prime, debating everyone else. I am not comfortable with some of Milton’s views but I would hate to be in the same room to debate him.
Here is episode one of Milton Friedman’s 1980 Free to Choose,
As an aside, here is a story that shows how good a debater Milton is. An excerpt from the Boston Globe on the occassion of Ronald Coase’s 1991 Nobel Prize win in Economics,
What Coase argued sounds unexceptionable today: That government itself could often make a market in scarce goods that otherwise would enjoy no market. Mildly, he wrote: “Whether a newly discovered cave belongs to the man who discovered it, the man on whose land the entrance to the cave is located, or the man who owns the surface under which the cave is situated is no doubt dependent on the law of property. But the law merely determines the person with whom it is necessary to make a contract to obtain the use of the cave.
“Whether the cave is used for storing bank records, as a natural gas reservoir, or for growing mushrooms, depends, not on the law of property, but on whether the bank, the natural gas corporation, or the mushroom concern will pay the most in order to be able to use the cave.”
The cave, by analogy, was little different from the radio spectrum, for which a system of tradeable property rights could be devised as well.
But back in 1958, this was heresy, and Chicago recognized it. Aaron Director, the celebrate Chicago economist who had founded The Journal of Law and Economics, invited Coase to dinner in Chicago — along with Milton Friedman, George Stigler, Lloyd Mints, Arnold Harberger, John McGee and another dozen academic stars. When the evening began, the vote against Coase was 20 to 1, Stigler recalls, and it would have been worse if Coase hadn’t been allowed to vote. At a certain point, “Milton Friedman opened fire and the bullets hit everyone but Coase,” he says.
By the end of the evening, Coase had converted them all, and according to John McGee and Steven Cheung, “the debaters stumbled out into the evening air in a state of shock, mumbling to each other that they had witnessed intellectual history.” (The episode is recalled in detail in a special 1983 issue of The Journal of Law and Economics.)
What exactly had happened in those few hours of sharp and lofty talk? Nothing less than 150 years of conventional wisdom on the role of goverment had been overturned, quickly and completely, at the level of expert debate. The Chicagoans had gone into the room believing, along with liberals, that there were certain indispensable services that goverment had to provide because markets couldn’t be made to offer them. They had walked out with a new vision of what government might accomplish through the clever establishment of property rights. Over the next 30 years, they persuaded most liberal economists of the acuity of their intuition.
I promised to share my Milton Friedman story and here it is. By the way, I’ve read from a reliable source that “Hong Kong Wrong - What would Cowperthwaite say?” was Milton’s last published economics article. Milton’s love and care of Hong Kong was truly amazing and was deeply felt in Hong Kong based on what I read.
Like Albert Einstein, Milton was a giant that took time to answer letters from the public. In 2001, I wrote a letter to wish Rose and Milton a happy 63rd wedding anniversary. The letter included the following excerpt,
Every time I look at the cover of my copy of Two Lucky People, I always wish that my future wife and I would be as happy as you two are at your age. (Prof. Cheung’s photo was really well done. :) I have also secretly hope that my life could be one tenth (or even one hundredth) as interesting as fulfilling as yours. :)
I look forward to reading more of your ideas/interviews in the press.
Milton was so kind to take time and wrote a note thanking me for my kind thoughts in his handwriting with his signature. A note that I treasure greatly.
In my 2002 letter, again before Rose and Milton’s wedding anniversary, I wrote a longer letter. This time I wrote Milton to tell him how happy I was when I got his reply the year before, about my MBA studies, and how much I enjoyed the PBS program “Commanding Heights” (with many video clips). Here is an excerpt from my letter about what I learned from the PBS program, [K: emphasis newly added here]
I now realise and appreciate the challenges faced by the Chicago School of Economics in the 1950s till the mid 1970s. It amazed me that Hayek’s idea was so out of favour that only University of Chicago gave him a job in the US in 1950.
On the human side, quoting Gary Becker, “When I came as a graduate student to Chicago 1951, I was flabbergasted by how stimulating the atmosphere was. I had been a very good student at Princeton. My first day in Friedman’s class he raised a question. I answered. He said, “That’s no answer; that’s just rephrasing the question.” That was the example of how blunt people were.” And quoting Milton yourself, “Nobody was very polite. People were interested in ideas and argument and not in making sure you didn’t ruffle anybody’s feathers.”
It seems such a stimulating environment where ideas and argument comes first! I would love to study in such an environment. Of course, that’s what I say until I am on the receiving end of “That’s no answer; that’s just rephrasing the question.” :) Don’t know if my skin is tough enough.
And then I asked Milton for some advice about gas prices spread. (note: looking at the show date now, I might have been watching a re-run?) And thats where I committed the crime of claiming “market failure” without proper facts and figures to back me up completely. Here is an excerpt, [K: emphasis newly added here]
Richard Feynman (1918-1988) is turly one of the “Great minds of our time”. I have been reading many books by him and books about him for years now. I probably have 10 books written by him or about him on my shelf and borrowed a few others from libraries.
“No Ordinary Genius: The Illustrated Richard Feynman” by Christopher Sykes has a large collections of photos, some drawings by Dick, and stories from a long list of people that knew Dick really well. It is a book that I love and treasure. Christopher also produced the documentary I included at the end of this post.
“He drifted toward unconsciousness. His eyes dimmed. Speech became an exertion. Gweneth [Dick's wife] watched as he drew himself together, prepared a phrase, and released it: “I’d hate to die twice. It’s so boring.” After that, he tried to communicate by shifting his head or squeezing the hand that clasped his. Shortly before midnight on February 15, 1988, his body gasped for air that the oxygen tube could not provide, and his space in the world closed. An imprint remained: what he knew, how he knew.”
I love “QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter” because it is a book that is “a straighforward, honest explanation of … the theory of quantum electron-dynamics — for a nontechnical audience. It is designed to give the interested reader an appreciation for the kind of thinking that physicists have resorted to in order to explain how Nature behaves.“[K: quantum electron-dynamics was the theory which Feynman later won his Nobel Prize on.]
“Most of the Good Stuff:” Memories of Richard Feynman is a great book of stories as told by many of Dick’s great friends and his little sister Dr. Joan Feynman (who was a Senior Scientist at the Jet Propulsion Lab before she retired in 2003). I finished this book in only two days at the end of 1996. Here is an excerpt from Joan’s chapter,
‘I was Richard Feynman’s first student and he was my first teacher. We were brother and sister, the only children in our family. When I was a baby, Richard would bundle me into my carriage and take me over to his friend Bernie’s house. There he would prop me up so I could watch the two boys work with the batteries, wires, rheostats, switches, and radio tubes they had collected for their “laboratory”. He was nine.
I soon graduated to larger tasks. We had a dog, a fox terrier (more or less), the kind you could see in circuses back then. The family taught him tricks, like sitting and begging, by patiently getting him to understand what was expected and then giving him a treat when he was successful. The dog worked hard for the dog biscuits and amazed the neighborhood children. Observing this, Richard decided that I was probably trainable too, and the most amazing trick he could think of to teach me was to do arithmetic. The problem was, what to give me for a treat? Our mother was very careful with our diet and I certainly couldn’t have candy between meals. But he was always resourceful. When I got a problem correct I was allowed to pull his hair until it hurt or, to be more exact, until he grimaced as if in pain. I remember standing in my crib, maybe three years old, yanking on his hair with great delight while he excitedly planned to surprise Bernie with my new trick. I had just learned to add two and three. I have always believed that the reason Richard had a full head of hair all his life was because I had done such a good job of strengthening the roots.’
I’ve been waiting for articles by Steven Cheung and Gary Becker (one of the Nobel prize winning students of Milton) to share their thoughts about Milton Friedman’s passing. I may blog about Steven’s article later but it will take me some time as it is in Chinese. For now, here is an excerpt of the first two paragraphs from Gary’s blog entry,
Milton Friedman died this past week. He was the most influential economist of the 20th century when one combines his contributions to both economic science and to public policy. I knew him for many decades starting first when I was a graduate student at Chicago, and then as a colleague, mentor, and very close friend.
I will not dwell here on what a remarkable colleague he was. However, I do want to describe my first exposure to him as a teacher since he enormously changed my approach to economics, and to life itself. After my first class with him a half-century ago, I recognized that I was fortunate to have an extraordinary economist as a teacher. During that class he asked a question, and I shot up my hand and was called on to provide an answer. I still remember what he said, “That is no answer, for you are only restating the question in other words.” I sat down humiliated, but I knew he was right. I decided on my way home after a very stimulating class that despite all the economics I had studied at Princeton, and the two economics articles I was in the process of publishing, I had to relearn economics from the ground up. I sat at Friedman’s feet for the next six years– three as an Assistant Professor at Chicago– learning economics from a fresh perspective. It was the most exciting intellectual period of my life.
I look forward to reading Gary’s blog entry in more detail as I have already noticed a few things that I can learn from and need to pay more attention to.
A half century ago, Milton Friedman’s advocacy of free markets over government intervention and his prescription for inflation-fighting by central banks were treated as fringe notions by many economists. By the time the Nobel Prize-winning economist died yesterday at the age of 94, his views had helped to reshape modern capitalism.
A diminutive man known for his strong-willed and combative style, Mr. Friedman provided the intellectual foundations for the anti-inflation, tax-cutting and antigovernment policies of President Ronald Reagan and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and an era of more-disciplined central banking. His ideas helped to end the military draft in the 1970s, gave birth to staple conservative causes such as school vouchers and created the groundwork for new economic views about the Great Depression, unemployment, inflation and exchange rates.
Many of his ideas remain controversial to this day, or carry less weight. Central bankers don’t follow his prescriptions for how to implement monetary policy, considering them impractical. And despite his strong advocacy, publicly funded vouchers for students to attend private schools are still rare and researchers struggle to prove their effectiveness. His advocacy of the decriminalization of drugs hasn’t been heeded.
But few would argue against the notion that Mr. Friedman — with highly technical academic papers, popular books and columns, and the ear of powerful politicians — helped to shift the center of debate in the U.S. and abroad about the proper role of government in managing a nation’s economy. His influence spread far afield, from Hong Kong to Chile to Russia and Eastern Europe, and his ideas took root with reformers pushing for privatization and open markets.
THE last time I interviewed Milton Friedman, on the occasion of his 90th birthday, the famously sharp and agile mind of the world’s greatest economist was still working overtime.
At the time there were worries about whether Japan, mired in a deflationary slump that had lasted more than a decade, would ever pull out of it. Friedman was unfashionably upbeat, arguing strongly that the rising sun would shine once again. Japan, he said, would surprise the world by recovering strongly, on the back of the ultra-low interest rates. It did.
Friedman, who died last week aged 94, was similarly upbeat about America, then still groping its way out of the economic uncertainty after September 11. Alan Greenspan was doing the right thing by cutting interest rates, he said, and the economy would respond by bouncing back. Again, he was right.
I first met Friedman, who stood 5 ft tall in his shoes, a quarter of a century earlier. He and his equally diminutive wife Rose, also an economist, were in London to publicise a television series he had made.
Probably doing their tenth interview of the day, they were animated and interested. The most enduring image of the series was of him standing next to a banknote printing press. The only way to stop inflation was to switch off the press.
[...]
The depression, he [Friedman] and Schwartz argued, was due to the Federal Reserve losing its nerve during the boom years of the 1920s. It slammed the brakes on, causing hundreds of bank failures and a plunge in the money supply. The surprise was not that there was a depression but that it was not a lot worse.
Ben Bernanke, the Fed chairman, told Friedman recently: “You’re right, we did it. We’re very sorry.”
But Friedman was proudest, he told me, of another piece of work, which explained what determined people’s spending. “The natural rate had more influence on the world but as a consistent programme carried through it doesn’t seem to me it was in the same class as the theory of the consumption function,” he said.
WHEN Mongolia emerged from seven decades of socialism in the early 1990s, its leaders considered building a statue of Milton Friedman on the mountain overlooking the capital Ulan Bator, such was their new-found admiration for the man they saw as the patron saint of free markets.
Friedman, who died of heart failure on Thursday aged 94, advised and influenced world leaders including Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan. His theories, which linked economic growth to the supply of money, are now fundamental to how central banks operate around the world, limiting the role of governments in policymaking.
Milton Friedman was the most influential economist of the second half of the 20th century. His work had profound effects on the theory and practice of economic policy, particularly macroeconomic policy, but also, albeit less visibly to the public at large, on academic economics. And, through his once famous Newsweek column, and his television series, he was a tireless popularizer of economic ideas, too.
While there are a few more insightful articles about Milton Friedman’s life (I will cover in the next post), one news article from Hong Kong’s Apple Daily (no relations to Apple Computer) stayed in my mind.
Jimmy Lai, a personal friend of Milton and Rose Friedman (and founder of Next Media and publisher of Apple Daily), called Rose to express his condolence. As the call was coming to an end, Rose said in passing, “I’ve a lot of time but nothing else.” Jimmy was deeply sadden when he heard the comment and I was deeply sadden and touched when I read it.
Rose and Milton were University of Chicago grad school classmates and they were assigned to sit together as Rose’s last name starts with D (Director was Rose’s maiden name) and Milton’s last name starts with F. They knew each others for 6 years before they were married in 1938 and they had been married for 68 years. They had been life long partners and collaborators in economics thinking and theories.
In my feeble attempt to counterbalance the deep sadness of Milton’s passing and Rose’s deep sorrow, I would like to quote chapter one “How we met” of their wonderful join auto-biography “Two Lucky People“,
Monday, October 3, 1932, Professor Jacob Viner was presiding over the session of his famous economic theory course, Economics 301, in room 107 of the Social Science Building at the University of Chicago.
To help him identify his students, Professor Viner arranged them alphabetically. This seated Rose Director, a recent graduate of the University of Chicago who had transferred there after two years at Reed College in Portland, Oregon, next to Milton Friedman, a recent graduate of Rutgers University who came from Rathway, New Jersey. Rose had never been east of Chicago; Milton had never been west of the Delaware River.
Initial contact of two naive youths blossomed into friendship, then romance, followed by marriage six years later on June 25, 1938.
Why did it take so long? Primarily because of our economic insecurity. Times were tough and jobs in our chosen profession of college teaching were scare — especially for Jews. We had only ourselves to depend on. Our parents could not help us with expenses at school let alone subsidize us after marriage. In addition, we regarded marriage as “till death us do part.” As a result we did not want to take that step until we had a reasonable prospect of being able to support ourselves and a family.
This book is the story of our lives. It is now (1997), as we finish telling this story, sixty-five years since we met and fifty-nine years since we were married. We have had our ups and downs — the downs early, the ups later, but our love and confidence in each other was strengthened and deepened by the downs as well as by the ups. Our life has surpassed our wildest expectations: two wonderful children, four grandchildren, rewarding professional careers, and a loving partnership. Who could ask for more?
I am sorry that my attempt was feeble indeed as I now have tears in my eyes after typing and proof-reading this passage. I think Steven Cheung might have done a better job in his call to Rose. Steven suggested that Rose should pay China a visit to see Milton’s positive impact on the Chinese economy. According to the Apple Daily report, Rose smiled as she knew Milton’s love and care of China and his wish to see China be on the path to free market. My love and thoughts are with Rose and the Friedmans in this moment of sadness.
I am starting a series call “Great minds of our time“ to share with you my personal picks of some of the great public minds of our time. I have met with some all of them. I’ve met some of them once or a few times. Some of them I only met once or a few times. And some have been my teachers. And some I’ve never met. I have learned a lot from all of them by reading their writings (articles and/or books) and watching them presents. I am not ranking these great minds so I am just going to be talking about them one at a time.
In my humble opinion, Bill Buxton is one of the most creative minds of our time. Bill is “a designer and a researcher concerned with human aspects of technology” and he is currently a principal researcher at Microsoft Research. I have heard and known of Bill’s name since his early days at U of Toronto long long ago. But I don’t think I met him in person nor I really knew much about his research before. I think it is only in the last 5 (?) years or so that I came to learn more about Bill’s work and how insightful he is.
I still don’t know Bill personally so I am learning from his conference presentations (in person last year in Calgary) and also his writings (available online, including this digtal film discussion in 2004 TIFF).Here are some of my favourites (this is a very small list as Bill’s site is worth exploring for its many treasures),
Dec 31, 2006 update: Bill Buxton has written a new book, “Sketching User Experiences“. Here is what he wrote about it. “The writing part of my book on design is finally finished and it is finally in production. It will be published by Morgan Kaufmann and launched at the annual ACM SIGCHI Conference [2007] in San Jose, CA, April 28-May 3.” Here are more info in this two-page book flyer pdf file.
June 11, 2007 update: Bill’s new book “Sketching User Experiences” is out. I am going to try to get my hands on a copy.
I blog about Business, Sci. & Tech., Law, innovation, Film & TV, Medical Science, Politics and whatever interests me. Just so you know, I aspire to make mistakes faster.
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